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Two interrelated issues are especially important in the control of the growth of STDs, namely, preventing transmission of STDs into the general population and treatment of infected people. At the Prostitutes Mao time, the market economy also gave a new public prominence to the sex market, because a market economy develops places and opportunities for the use of women as commodities for sale.

As readers of the mammoth 17th century novel Dream of the Red Chamber know the original has 4, pages and charactersthe country has a healthy erotic tradition, though sexual prudishness predated the communist revolution. There would be more evidence of the extravagance and sophistication of Chinese erotica extant today had not the Emperor Kangxia cross between aesthete and Puritan, destroyed whatever traces he could find. Historically, sex in China, as elsewhere, has its hypocritical side.

While chastity was prescribed for ordinary people the Chinese upper classes, as ever, felt themselves exempt, and in communist times Mao Zedong exerted himself in the maintenance of Prostitutes Mao tradition — according to one of Prostitutes Mao doctors his preference appears to have been for virgins.

As the Chinese saying goes, the rich can burn down houses while the Prostitutes Mao are not even allowed to light lamps. During the Cultural Revolution official Puritanism reached a zealous peak.

Prostitutes Mao as we worry about the mental balance of Saudi youths brought up on a Prostitutes Mao, sex-free Prostitutes Mao, it was hardly fanciful to see in the fanaticism and ferocity of Red Guard youths a reflection of their frustration in other fields. Kissing their Prostitutes Mao or boyfriends had they been allowed to have them, or to kiss in public would have been a more Prostitutes Mao — and more productive — way to spend their time. In one way, however, the regime inadvertently encouraged sexual excess.

Playing cards and sleeping with their Prostitutes Mao. Even after the Cultural Revolution was over, a measure of sexual repression continued. In the s an announcement on a prison notice board in Sichuan province described the crime of a new prisoner: Lu, male, 25 years.

Held private parties and danced cheek to cheek in the dark, Prostitutes Mao hugging his female dance partners and touching their breasts. Seduced a Prostitutes Mao of six young women and choreographed a sexually titillating dance that spread like wildfire and caused serious levels of Spiritual Pollution.

Execution imminent. Today Chinese sexual habits are evolving fast in a libertarian direction.

Anti-vice laws have become far more lax. In Chinese hotels notices prohibit prostitution, betting and drugs, but many Prostitutes Mao hives of all three, with an endless supply Prostitutes Mao inexpensive mingong girls volunteering — or being driven — to sell themselves. This reversal of Maoist prudery seems unlikely to be motivated by an attachment to individual liberties.

As already noted the flourishing of prostitution in China — Hong Kong can seem tame by contrast — is remarkable and explained by many factors. Then there is the desperation of mingong girls. One-child families, a policy which leads to a shortage of women as girls are aborted, also feeds demand.

Prostitutes Mao finally there is the moral vacuum the collapse of Maoism brought in its wake, and the cynical pursuit of profits it has helped induce. The doyen of Chinese sexologists the discipline, though expanding, scarcely exists Pan Xuming has investigated the phenomenon.

His results support the theory of official tolerance bordering on connivance. Even the different levels of demand are semi-officially regulated: concubines for Taiwanese entrepreneurs, high-class call girls for Americans, Europeans and Japanese, and peasant girls for Prostitutes Mao workers.

Then there are the students who, short of funds to pay for their courses, are ready to sleep Prostitutes Mao up-market clients. Inthere were brothels with 5, Prostitutes Mao.

Most xia gang women have not received any support from their relatives and friends.

In other words, one out of every 42 city residents was directly involved in prostitution. Culturally and socially, prostitutes had hard lives in pre-communist China, but Chinese society as a whole had room for them to Prostitutes Mao during that period of time.

Marxist orthodoxy, however, is completely incompatible Prostitutes Mao prostitution, viewing Prostitutes Mao as a disease of the old society of capitalism. As soon as the Chinese Communist Party CCP came to power inthe new government carried out Prostitutes Mao uncompromising policy and cracked down on every brothel in China. By Novemberlegislation was passed to close all the brothels in Beijing. The Government then established eight "rehabilitation and working centres for women" for the detained female prostitutes from the city.

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According to Harriet Evans, within two months of the founding of the New China, a series of measures adopted by the central communist authorities outlawing prostitution resulted in the closure of some brothels in Beijing, the "salvation" of 1, prostitutes, the sentencing of more Prostitutes Mao three hundred brothel owners and pimps, and more than 7, prostitutes in Shanghai.

Prostitutes Maothe Government declared that "venereal diseases no longer existed in China". Prostitutes Mao Horn, a British physician who practised medicine in Prostitutes Mao between andobserved that "active venereal disease has been completely eradicated from most areas and completely controlled throughout China". Thirty years after the Chinese Government declared that prostitution in China had been eradicated, Western scholars have observed that the evil wind of prostitution is "once again sweeping over China".

Sinceprostitution has yet again become a growing epidemic that many women use as a form of steady income.

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Beginning inthe rate of Prostitutes Mao started to increase every year. A revival of wide-scale prostitution since the s has accelerated to a nation-wide dilemma, 23 but the Chinese Government did not officially acknowledge that prostitution was a serious problem until because it believed that the communist system Prostitutes Mao the best system in the world and China is not supposed to have prostitutes.

In the following year, "the number Prostitutes Mao arrests skyrocketed to 46,". Even more surprisingly, it is reported that the charges were estimated to include only about 30 per cent of the prostitution activity that year. Between and the number of those engaged in prostitution increased fourfold over the previous five years despite repeated crackdowns and police raids. The Prostitutes Mao Health Organisation estimates that six million Mainland Chinese women engage in prostitution.

Chinese prostitution is for sale in barber shops, massage parlours, nightclubs, hotels and discos. Moreover, Prostitutes Mao Chinese officials, policemen and various businessmen are directly tied to China's sex trade.

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Many bars and bathhouses that offer sex services are connected with the police or members of branches of the judiciary. John Pomfret observes that prostitution and sex tourism are huge businesses in China. Almost every hotel, Prostitutes Mao no-star dives to five-star international chains, boasts a bevy of women offering oily massages and more to travellers". In order to Prostitutes Mao business and increase profits, some companies openly advertise in newspapers recruiting single and beautiful young women under Prostitutes Mao age of The title 'Public Relations Officer' is often synonymous with a "company-employed prostitute for high-ranking executives, potential clients Prostitutes Mao partners of the company".

The majority of foreign prostitutes come from Korea, Russia and some Southeast Asian countries. Some come to China as visitors, some illegally, and some supposedly as part of artistic performance groups.

Foreign prostitutes provide a variety of services: helping men bathe, giving massages, and of course, providing sex.

Foreign Prostitutes Mao used to be at the lowest end of the prostitution hierarchy in pre-communist China, but they are attracting more clients in present-day China. The clients of Chinese prostitutes include both Chinese and foreigners.

Many large Prostitutes Mao hotels and expensive restaurants are major work locations for high-class prostitutes, whose main clients are foreigners and wealthy Chinese businessmen. At present, Chinese prostitution is, like a century ago, a hierarchal system. In pre-communist China, Chinese prostitutes were divided into four categories: suuyu prostitutes employed in storytellers' residencesProstitutes Mao prostitutes employed in brothelsyeji prostitutes street girlsand prostitutes in flower-smoke rooms.

In the post-Mao era, ten million sex workers can be grouped into seven layers: second wives, hired prostitutes, escort girls, chink girls, barbershop girls, streetwalkers and women who live in sheds. Historically, Prostitutes Mao who became prostitutes were unemployed and Prostitutes Mao educated.

Under these unfortunate circumstances, some women had no choice but to join the sex industry, although it was "a painful economic choice on the part of women and their families, since it was sometimes the best or only income-producing activity available to women seeking employment". Newsweek Prostitutes Mao about a Chinese college student becoming a prostitute.

The girl is the first member of her family to get into Wuhan University, one of the best universities in China.

In Wuhan she landed work as a waitress, but the pay barely Prostitutes Mao her tuition. A manager from a local hotel offered her a job making more than ten times what she earned waiting Prostitutes Mao. She felt too exhausted, alone and embarrassed at the possibility of going home to refuse so she became a prostitute. One student told Lau that, "sometimes I sleep with the men, but I never see much of the money because I have to repay debts back home Once I save Prostitutes Mao money, I will try to get help to go Prostitutes Mao.

Why is the Chinese Government ineffective in controlling the spread of prostitution in the post-Mao era? Prevalent public opinion always points its finger to Western cultural influence--"a Prostitutes Mao of spiritual pollution that comes from the West".

However, the most important key to controlling STDs is promotion of mass educational programmes and training of health care workers and common citizens.

The Government adopted an open-door policy Prostitutes Mao introduced Western cultures and investment into China during both historical periods. In this sense, Western sexual conceptions might have contributed to the boom of prostitution in the Prostitutes Mao era.

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Prostitutes Mao Jeffreys points out that the revival of Prostitutes Mao during the early s was initially associated with China's eastern coastal cities and thus "somewhat tenuously linked to the influx of foreign investment and the 'Western ideas'".

David J. Lynch notes that Western culture is "transforming Prostitutes Mao toward sex". Seventy per cent of men and 33 per cent of women have watched pornography in recent years. Commercial sex has become an omnipresent feature of Chinese life.

However, the influence of Western culture cannot fully explain why Chinese prostitution came back after Mao's death. In fact, a Prostitutes Mao percentage of Chinese prostitutes had no contact with Western culture before they became prostitutes.

According to Haterm, Chinese doctors who were under the age of 45 or 50 had never seen a case of active syphilis or gonorrhea because China once proclaimed that it had eradicated prostitution and venereal disease in the s.

The revival of prostitution began with the inauguration of the Chinese reform movement in the early s. The causes for the return of prostitution Prostitutes Mao the Prostitutes Mao era must therefore be derived from the nature of the reform movement and market economy.

The reform movement gave great impetus to China and Prostitutes Mao economic prosperity. At the same time, the market economy also gave a new public prominence to the sex market, because a market Prostitutes Mao develops places and opportunities for the use of women as commodities for sale.

In the second half of the 19th century, "in all classes, women were regarded as objects to be invested in or battered. At its most extreme, the trade in women took the form Prostitutes Mao trading beautiful merchandise-prostitutes. In order to promote the market economy, the reform policy in the post-Mao era has not always been favourable to Chinese women. Prostitutes Mao to sexual prejudice and discrimination against women, some Chinese companies only hire women between 18 and 30 years of age.

Pregnant and older women are commonly discriminated against. Moreover, Chinese women have been losing jobs. Inmore than Prostitutes Mao million state workers were laid off and aboutgovernment employees were put out of work in Although over 50 per cent of xia gang laid off women are over 40 years old, a great proportion are under Among xia gang women, about 34 per cent have no retirement pension, Prostitutes Mao Most xia gang women have not received any support from their relatives and friends.

Although they still have opportunities to find jobs, they face increasing discrimination.

They say that they want to earn as much money as possible. Evelyn Iritani observes that "laid-off workers in poorer countries, mostly women, will be forced into prostitution". The reform movement and development of the market economy produced two important geographic and social trends: urbanisation and migration. During the Mao regime, more than 80 per cent of the Chinese population lived in the countryside and 90 per cent of Prostitutes Mao residents were employed in agriculture.

Economic development has greatly accelerated urbanisation. The urban population expanded from million in to million in Byit accounted for about 33 Prostitutes Mao cent of Prostitutes Mao nearly 1. Meanwhile, urbanisation has created a large transient population, 80 million in The modern market economy drives the world economy into globalisation.

Present-day China has been experiencing a great transformation from a planned economy to a market economy and from centralisation to liberalisation.

With the development of a market economy, China has become an integral part of international society. At the same time, the market economy opens the door for the return of pre-communist liberation sexual practices. Market economies and globalisation work together and make it impossible to resist Prostitutes Mao growth of prostitution.

All these factors explain why prostitution has become increasingly open and ubiquitous in China, though technically illegal. This implies that the Prostitutes Mao Government has officially recognised that the problem of Chinese prostitution is serious. Since prostitution Prostitutes Mao an inevitable phenomenon within a market economy, China must Prostitutes Mao its serious consequences. The world over, the greatest challenges in the 21st century are poverty, disease Prostitutes Mao environmental degradation.

Prostitution results in many serious social problems because it is "a source of urbanised pleasures, a profession full of unscrupulous and greedy schemers, a site of moral danger and physical disease, and marker of national decay". Prostitution is a reservoir of STDs 71 and the symptom of a general breakdown in sexual morality.

According to Shanghai health officials, 80 per cent of females and 20 per cent of males are infected by their spouses, and some 67 per cent of married and 45 per cent of single males are infected by prostitutes or sex partners. The sexual transmission of HIV is rapidly increasing in Prostitutes Mao. In Shanghai, since the virus was first detected in up untilthere were 1, officially Prostitutes Mao cases.

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Most of the infected were foreigners and Chinese people who had travelled overseas. According to the latest Chinese official report, China now haspeople infected with HIV out of the total population of 1. It is estimated that 68 Prostitutes Mao cent of the people in China living with HIV contracted it from drug use but in 18 per cent of the cases, the cause of infection is unclear.

In turn, these promiscuous sexual behaviours also easily lead to unhealthy lifestyles including involvement in drug use. In a research project conducted by the Research and Academic Integrity Committee at the Shanghai Prostitutes Mao of Social Sciences, it was learned that drug use is extremely prevalent in the sex industry. According to a survey, 52 to 98 Prostitutes Mao cent of female drug users reported that they had engaged in commercial sex.

Another Prostitutes Mao conducted Prostitutes Mao in Zhengzhou Henan questioned female sex workers. More than ten per cent said their clients were drug users. According to a report published inmost prostitutes and individuals "with sexually transmitted diseases had concurrent sexual partners".

More importantly, according to a recent report, most of the recent infections in women have been transmitted sexually. In addition, many cases of HIV are not even reported because of embarrassment and fear of social isolation. Most unreported cases have likely been acquired through sexual intercourse.

Other forms of STD have also increased sharply in the post-Mao era. While prostitution is making a huge revival in China, experts point out that unprotected Prostitutes Mao is the primary reason "for the Prostitutes Mao number of cases of syphilis, gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases".

The incidence of syphilis increased approximately 20 times from toat an average annual rate of From tothe annual average incidence growth rate of syphilis was The prevalence of chlamydia across China is similar to many developed countries, but in some urban areas, it is extremely high, especially among women whose husbands are high earners and who are out of the home a number of days each month.

By the end of1. About 0. Of the STD patients discovered in Inmore thancases of STD were reported. According to the latest statistics, nearly four million people contract STD each year. InProstitutes Mao experts predicted that "with the number of cases rising by 18 per cent annually, venereal Prostitutes Mao could become China's top infectious disease by the year ".

The revival of Chinese prostitution is a by-product of the market economy and one of the main causes of STDs. How can the Government control the growth of Chinese prostitution while continuing to develop the market economy? How can the growth of Prostitutes Mao be controlled while Chinese prostitution continues to develop? Two interrelated issues are especially important in the Prostitutes Mao of the growth of STDs, namely, preventing transmission of STDs into the general population and treatment of infected people.

From a sociological perspective, in order to effectively control the rampant growth of STDs, it is more important to prevent STDs rather than to treat them. Therefore, control of the growth Prostitutes Mao prostitution Prostitutes Mao urgently needed to reverse the awkward position of the Chinese Government in managing the problem of prostitutes and STDs. To be sure, prostitution must be discouraged in terms of both communist ideology and Marxist feminist perspectives instead of through seeking a legal remedy for its elimination.

However, "the cause of prostitution is in the structuring of society, and that is where the solution will reside". The Prostitutes Mao task is to prevent the disease from being transmitted to the general public from high-risk Prostitutes Mao such as prostitutes and clients, the transient population, and long-distance truck drivers.

Unquestionably, the first high-risk group that is spreading STDs is prostitutes. Moreover, local governments' treatment of prostitutes Prostitutes Mao about the same as what they did in the s. The main lesson from the Chinese Government's efforts in eradicating Chinese prostitution in the Mao era is that it is impossible to eradicate it through coercive force.

In fact, without changing the value standards of Chinese people, sexual repression under coercive force will cause more serious problems later. There are ways that prostitutes can restore their lives and turn to other means of employment. Legal regulation is Prostitutes Mao course one measure but not the most effective.

About half of the prostitutes' income goes to consumption, i. Prostitutes also need equipment including beepers, cell phone, cabs, apartments, expensive clothes, fine cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and even bodyguards. In this sense, the sex Prostitutes Mao is part of the Chinese economy, accounting for about eight per cent of China's Prostitutes Mao.

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Back to 5 October In , Chinese experts predicted that "with the number of cases rising by 18 per cent annually, venereal disease could become China's top infectious disease by the year ".