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Jonge Jury in Dutch. On prostitution and sexuality in Venice, see Elisabeth Pavan, "Police des mceurs, societe et politique a Venise a la fin du moyen Prostitutes Warendorf Revue historique Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions.

Jahrhundert," in Von Menschen Prostitutes Warendorf ihren Zeichen, ed. Ingrid Matschinegg et al. Bielefeld,pp. Prostitutes Warendorf Hledikove l Collection of contributions in honor of Professor Dr. Zdenka Hledfkova], ed. Ivan Hlavacek and Jan Hrdina Prague,pp. The Topography Prostitutes Warendorf Prostitution reflects careful distinctions.

This in turn allows previously hidden contours of the city's topography of prostitution to be mapped. Discerning the identities or at least the reputed identities of these women de- pends first upon the interpretation of meretrix.

Canon law, following Roman law, had long considered multiple sexual partners to be an essential characteristic of the meretrix. The Prostitutes Warendorf definition, transmitted by Gratian and thus commented upon by subsequent generations of canon lawyers, was that of Jerome: a meretrix is a woman who is available to Prostitutes Warendorf lust of many men.

For these reasons, Ruth Mazo Karras in her study of later medieval Prostitutes Warendorf prostitution translates meretrix with the more general term "whore," reserving the modern English word "prostitute" for women who exchange specific sex acts for money. The meretrix was thus distinct from the many clerical concubines who also appear in his visitation record.

The scribe further- more applies the phrase "to whom there is common access" to both publice and occulte meretrices. All the women "to whom there is common access" fit into Karras's broad category of "whore"- that is, women Prostitutes Warendorf multiple sexual partners.

In other words, women from all four categories employed by the visitation record shared Prostitutes Warendorf promiscuous reputa- tion. Any of them might therefore on occasion be called a meretrix. But which ones were also engaged in commercial prostitution? Eiecta, que a marito uiuente proicitur.

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Meretrix, que mul- torum libidini patet" D. Emil Friedberg, Corpus iuris canonici, 2 vols. The same phrase Prostitutes Warendorf in connection with both uses of the Prostitutes Warendorf precise term mulieres meretrices pp. Most instances refer to Hampays, the "locus" in Old Town said to contain both a "prostibulum publicum" and "four houses of mulieres publice meretrices, to whom there is public access. According to the longtime Prostitutes Warendorf priest of Lesser Town's major parish, there was a "certain place of mulieres publice meretrices outside the gate.

Procopius accused some fellow priests of consorting with publice meretrices at the rectory of a nearby parishY It turns out that Procopius was something of an expert on the matter. He Prostitutes Warendorf to having a publica meretrix at night occasionally but justified his actions by insisting that he did Prostitutes Warendorf in secret, being sure to kick her out in the morning.

The parish priest's Prostitutes Warendorf is confirmed with a slight discrepancy in the number of houses by his parishioners as well as by lay witnesses from a neighboring parish Proto- collum visitationis, pp. Another apparent ref- erence Prostitutes Warendorf meretrices publice locates them in houses occupied by university students in the Old Town parish of St. Nicholas which extended to within a block of Hampays.

However, "publice" may function here-as it demonstrably does in some cases Prostitutes Warendorf the visitation record-as an Prostitutes Warendorf rather than an adjective, leaving the precise status of the meretrices in doubt. The testifying parishioner, whose primary concern seems to have been the general scandal caused by the students' residences, asserted that "there are many houses where students live in his and in other parishes, and there is hardly a single one in which meretrices publice are not harbored, by which people are greatly scan- dalized" Protocollum visitationis, p.

Item dicit, quod est quasi communis introitus publicarum meretricum ad dotem dicti plebani sancti Prostitutes Warendorf et multa enormia committuntur per ipsum et dicit, quod dicti plebani sepius invitant se mutuo cum dictis mulieribus et domino Czinkone, canonico Wissegradensi, de quo homines huius rei noticiam habentes scandalizantur" Protocollum visitationis, p.

A rural vicar uses almost precisely the same defense: "dicit, quod ipse interdum commiscetur una nocte mulieri publice et statim de mane, Prostitutes Warendorf precio, ipsam dimittit" p. In addition to emphasizing Prostitutes Warendorf secrecy of their trysts, the priests tend to emphasize the impermanence of these relationships in order to shield themselves from the charge of harboring Prostitutes Warendorf concubine.

Another village vicar thus admits that he "sepius commis- cetur mulieribus publicis, sed nunquam habuit aliquam specialem" p. This argument reflects the overarching concern of the archdeacon and visitation witnesses: public scandal and mala Prostitutes Warendorf.

It was not the particular acts so much as the public rumor that generated concern. On "common fame" as a basis for prosecuting prostitutes in England, see Karras, Common Women, Prostitutes Warendorf.

In contrast, the term occulta meretrix appears much more frequently, in at least seven parishes. Often the owners and tenants of certain Prostitutes Warendorf, a group in which both sexes Prostitutes Warendorf well represented, were said to be harboring mulieres occulte meretrices.

One of the best-known houses belonged to Prostitutes Warendorf priest. Several people reported that a woman named Nedcza lived in a house owned by Ludwig Kojata, a Prostitutes Warendorf Town parish priest notorious for his naked escapades, and that Nedcza in turn harbored mulieres occulte meretrices there. The priest's vicar implied that Ludwig himself was at fault, but the bell ringer the next witness interviewed stated that the Prostitutes Warendorf had rented the house to Nedcza without Ludwig's knowledge.

Prostitutes Warendorf bell ringer further asserted that the prostitutes always fled whenever he or Ludwig visited the house but that the two men made sure to beat and expel any they happened to find there. Here studies on prostitution elsewhere in medieval Europe prove instructive.

The Prague sources, they reveal, employed conventional terminology. One finds the same or similar language wherever authorized and unauthorized prostitution co- existed. Jacques Rossiaud, for instance, describes a series of public, municipal brothels in southeastern France that were home to "common public prostitutes" fitles communes publiques.

Legal and civic documents Prostitutes Warendorf them from the unauthorized, but sometimes tolerated, "clandestine prostitutes" fitles secre- teswomen engaged at least part-time in prostitution but not in the officially sanctioned city brothels.

They tended to work in the baths or out of private houses. An altar priest at Procopius's own church was tactfully ambiguous on the subject, admitting that "sepius veniunt mulieres ad dotem," Prostitutes Warendorf asserting that he "nes[c]it, quales sunt" p. For the identification of the testifying vicar, "Petrus de Suticz," with the man blamed by the bell ringer "dominus Petrus dictus Sosna," see Tomek, Dejepis, He also records instances in which public prostitutes helped to expose their clandestine competitors Medieval Prostitution, trans.

Lydia Cochrane [Oxford, ], pp. Leah Lydia Otis argues that the term rneretrix publica began to appear in the twelfth century as a general term for professional prostitutes, the adjective publica by then being necessary "to distinguish the professional public woman from the private amateur" Prostitution in Medieval Prostitutes Warendorf The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc [Chicago, ], pp.

However, Otis also notes that after the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century establishment of municipal brothels, a distinction developed between the "agent of municipal Prostitutes Warendorf and the "illicit prostitute flaunting the police regulations by working outside the Prostitutes Warendorf center" pp. Those cities that allowed some public prostitutes to live outside the Prostitutes Warendorf brothels often limited them to strictly defined parts of the city or banned them from the so-called honest neighborhoods.

Like their coun- terparts in the municipal brothel, these authorized prostitutes might also be subject to a special city tax. Prague's meretrices publice practiced prostitution openly and with municipal sanc- tion; quite possibly they distinguished themselves by their dress.

Like the public prostitutes, many or most of them exchanged sex for money. In Karras's terminology they were prostitutes. Despite their clandestine status, their presence at locations throughout Prague was widely known. A certain widow named Mara, for instance, "publicly kept clandestine prostitutes" "tenet publice occultas mulieres meretrices" in two houses and harbored still more "clandestine prostitutes" in the house Prostitutes Warendorf occu- pied.

The clandestine prostitutes themselves remain anonymous, with the exception of Clara, said to be both a clandestine prostitute and the rumored concubine of Prostitutes Warendorf, a canon of one of Prague's collegiate 48 Schuster follows Otis in describing meretrix publica as a term used since the twelfth century by clerics and lawyers to refer generally to prostitutes. However, like Otis he also discusses the competition between the prostitutes of the municipal brothel and unofficial prostitutes.

Frantisek Graus similarly recognizes a distinction in medieval sources between "freilebende Dimen, Dimen in Frauenhausem und heimliche Prostituierte die den 'offiziellen' Dimen Konkurrencz machten ," in his "Randgruppen der stadtischen Gesellschaft im Spatmittelalter," Zeitschrift fur historische Forschung 8n. Bronislaw Geremek on different types of prostitutes in Paris: "Among the professionals, only some lived permanently in the streets Prostitutes Warendorf to them, that is, in the brothels.

These 'public' prostitutes exercised Prostitutes Warendorf profession in a regular manner and under official control" The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, trans. Jean Birrell [Cambridge, Eng. Schuster also cites a survey of prostitutes in Strasbourg that Prostitutes Warendorf prostitutes into three groups: those in the municipal brothel, those living in private but apparently authorized brothels, and those that "wellent nit offen huren sind" p.

The Topography of Prostitution churches. The existence and location of these women-commercial prosti- 53 tutes-were not secrets in any meaningful sense of the term, but they nevertheless lacked the official status of the Prostitutes Warendorf prostitute. Indeed, the term occulta meretrix itself, best translated as "unauthorized prostitute," makes no sense outside the context of authorized prostitution. For that reason the archdeacon did not identify a single "clandestine prostitute" in the rural area surrounding Prague, where Prostitutes Warendorf centers of authorized prostitution existed.

She was a common woman, considered "public" precisely because of the reputation of her sexual availability to all. Any whore might be called a public woman. For more on Peter, see pp. The vicar there presented the episode as a one-time occurrence, with the pros- titute arriving from out of town?

The parish priest of the little village of Trnova admitted to occasionally bringing back public women from the nearby town oppidum of DavIe, located near the confluence of the Vltava and Sazava rivers, though he denied that he did so openly and publicly: "Interrogatus, si publicas mulieres de Dabel [Davie] op[pJido receperit sibi et duxerit easdem publice de op[p]ido et utrum eisdem commiscuerit carnaliter, respondit, quod quando non potest carere, tunc ducit sibi oculte et caute commiscetur" Protocollum Prostitutes Warendorf, p.

Otis interprets this vocabulary change as evidence for a new acceptance of prostitution ac- companying the introduction of municipal brothels. See also Schuster, who cites a much earlier ap- pearance of publicae mulieres as equivalent to meretrices publice Das Frauenhaus, p.

Neither of these interpretations can be reconciled with the distinct usage of the two terms in the Prague visitation record. Nicholas in Old Town-the same one who complained of prostitutes in students' residences-seems to associate the activity of mulieres publice with beer cellars: "in multis domibus in parrochia nostra sunt celaria, in quibus cervisia propinatur, ubi publice mulieres manent et publice coeunt ac fornicantur.

If so, the reference may not be to public women but more generically to women who publicly consort with men Protocollum visitationis, pp. He testified that he "occasionally has sex commiscetur for a night with a public woman," but that "in the morning, immediately after paying her fee Prostitutes Warendorf preciohe expels her" Protocollum visitationis, p. This term covered the broadest range of women, likely embracing unauthorized prostitutes along with unattached, single women.

Neigh- bors suspicious of a woman's activities and living arrangements simply reported her to the visiting archdeacon. Sometimes the adjective "suspect" functioned as a shorthand form of "suspected of being a prostitute," as in the case where the witness asserted that there was "common access" to a group of women living together.

Disreputable cellars in the parish of St. Gall served beer and caused scandal, while the Prostitutes Warendorf women Prostitutes Warendorf suspecte frequenting them gave rise to Prostitutes Warendorf fama. Procopius could Prostitutes Warendorf confirm that the priest had sexual Prostitutes Warendorf with the women, but he assumed that they had been Prostitutes Warendorf.

Their existence and the activities that surrounded them sometimes drew the Prostitutes Warendorf of their neighbors. Even authorized brothels were notorious Prostitutes Warendorf of gambling and violence.

The same cannot be said for the 59 E. Parishioners of St. Ad- albert Prostitutes Warendorf New Town said "quod Sramo sutor fovet cottidie in domo sua lusores taxillorum, fures, bursicidas et mulieres suspectas"; the parish priest confirmed their testimony but spoke of "fures utriusque sexus" rather than "mulieres suspectas" p.

Judith M. Bennett and Amy M. Froide Phila- delphia, See also Geremek, The Margins of Society, p. The Topography of Prostitutes Warendorf clandestine prostitutes, public women, and suspect Prostitutes Warendorf, some of whom may have been guilty only of being single women. The presence of any of the three within a parish could cause scandal and mala famaY The priest of the Old Town parish of St.

John, for example, reported that "in his parish there are two or more houses of clandestine prostitutes who are openly publice visited by men, scan- Prostitutes Warendorf many people in the parish. Gall similarly fin- gered two "suspect cellars" where beer was served as causes of scandal in the parish: "suspect women were almost constantly entering them, giving rise to mala fama.

In the wealthy parish of St. Gall, a Prostitutes Warendorf lady from the Rhineland domina de Reno rented a room. Rumor spread throughout the city that nobles, barons, and others had "common access" to her and Prostitutes Warendorf she had sex with many men.

The poor survival of city records, he suggested, might 67 The stock phrase "de qui Prostitutes Warendorf homines scandalizantur" parallels the formulaic English Prostitutes Warendorf that the existence and activities of a particular prostitute were "to the nuisance of her neighbors" Karras, Common Women, p.

The archdeacon, however, did not always seem very optimistic about their likely success in this endeavor: "mandavit eidem plebano Elsewhere he likewise tempered his command with the realistic concession "quantum valet" p.

Medieval Prague con- tained public prostitutes whose known locations can be used to identify the au- thorized brothels within the city's topography of prostitution.

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The parish of St. Prostitutes Warendorf contained several houses that harbored them, all within Prostitutes Warendorf near the area called Hampays. Hampays also contained the only prostibulum publicum mentioned explicitly in the visitation record. According to the parish priest, "there is a certain place called 'the brothel' hampaysin which bowls and Prostitutes Warendorf are played publicly Prostitutes Warendorf feast days and every other day throughout the year, and in which there is also a public brothel prostibulum publicum where there is common access to [the prostitutes].

He also said that never a year goes by without two or three men being killed there. The addition of the adjective "public" and the presence of public prostitutes leave no doubt of the existence within Hampays of a municipal brothel.

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Prostitutes Warendorf should be noted that Graus's speculation fit extremely well into his attempt in this book, informed by Marxist ideologies, to highlight the institutional ways in which the upper segments of society repressed the "urban poor.

As Schuster has shown, even the public prostitutes Prostitutes Warendorf municipal brothels were in some cities allowed to make private house calls Das Frauenhaus, p.

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Otis finds a different situation in fourteenth-century Languedoc; citing the example of Nimes, she argues that postribulum a local corruption of prostibulum and lupanar both "usually corresponded to an entire district of prostitution rather than to an individual house" Prostitution in Prostitutes Warendorf Society, Prostitutes Warendorf. Rossiaud, on the other hand, takes prostibulum to refer to a single building Medieval Prosti- tution, p.

This seems to be the Prostitutes Warendorf way to interpret nearly all the references in Prague to a prostibulum, with the possible Prostitutes Warendorf of Matthias of Janov's reference to the Prostitutes Warendorf called Venice as a "vicum" -a street or neighborhood: " The suburb or village of Obora remained legally separate from Lesser Town even after its fourteenth-century inclusion within the second, much larger circle of walls surrounding Prague's western-bank settlements.

In the thirteenth century Obora was subject to the legal jurisdiction of Lesser Town's magistrate, but it had its own magistrate and council by the later fourteenth century Tomek, Dejepis, and The Topography of Prostitution magistrate himself, Lesser Town's highest legal official.

Studies of medieval Prostitutes Warendorf S titution elsewhere in Europe suggest that such an arrangement was not unusual. The "famosissimum prostibulum" known as Venice, though Prostitutes Warendorf by the time of the visitation, undoubtedly had shared the same official designation.

There was Dorothy, for example, a mulier vaga who lived in Krakovia along with other transient women. She apparently traveled to nearby villages sell- ing salted fish and had once been the concubine of a rural priest.

The visitation record repeatedly Prostitutes Warendorf the same verb to describe the harboring of clandestine prostitutes and suspect women in particular houses, e. The city magistrate atthe time ofthe visitation 3 March was probably Bohuslav Hrubec, a lesser noble diens de Schonanger who owned a house across from the parish church on Lesser Town's main square.

For his house, see Tomek, Zdklady, no. Ferdinand Tadra, 1 Prostitutes Warendorf,p.

So far as I can determine, he last appears as the city magistrate in a document dated 8 Decemberwhereas his successor, Peter Polstarz, first appears as the city magistrate in a document of 31 May Jaroslav Kadlec, Das Augustinerkloster Sankt Thomas in Prag vom Grundungsjahr bis zu den Hussitenkriegen, mit Edition seines Urkundenbuches [Wiirz- burg, ], p. It is not clear whether the magistrate was harboring the public prostitutes as a private person or ex officio.

According to Bloch, it was common for a city official to have oversight of the male or female bawd Prostitutes Warendorf personally ran the brothel Die Prostitution, City brothels were the rule rather the exception in the cities of southern France, north- ern Italy, and central Europe in the later fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Like most other European cities of the time, Prague consigned prostitution-even au- thorized prostitution-to the city's margins.

The au- thorized prostitutes of Obora lived just outside Lesser Town's walls, while the so See above, n. Unfortunately, the visitation record does not preserve the archdeacon's response to the vast Prostitutes Warendorf of testimony he received. In light of the paucity of relevant sources, it is not surprising that Schuster does not include Prague as one of the cities having Prostitutes Warendorf a brothel.

Iwan Bloch, on the other hand, includes Prague in his list of cities with Frauenhauser, even asserting that it had more than one Die Prostitution, Prague, The Prostitutes Warendorf commonly repeated estimate for Prague's fourteenth-century population Prostitutes Warendorf 40, which would place it behind only Co- logne, with perhaps 55, inhabitants e. On the other hand, one standard work on Prostitutes Warendorf population gives a much higher estimate of 95, in the year representing an astonishing increase of 65, sincecompared with 40, for Cologne reduced from 54, in Paul Bairoch, Jean Batou, and Pierre Chevre accept Chandler's population estimate of 95, from the book's first editionwhich would place Prague sixth in their list of largest European cities in although they inex- plicably omit Prague from that list La population des villes europeennes, Banque de donnees et analyse sommaire des resultats.

Vilem Lorenc reviewed the range of previous estimates for the reign of Charles IV from 30, to , the latter being the indirect inspiration for Chandler's high estimate. Lorenc himself carefully calculates his own estimate of 85, in the text, or 80, in a footnote Nove Mesto Prazske [Prague's New Town] [Prague, Prostitutes Warendorf, pp. Prostitutes Warendorf, the estimate of 40, remains the most widely accepted Eduard Maur, "Obyvatelstvo ceskych zemi ve stredoveku" [The population of the Czech lands in the Middle Ages], in Dejiny obyvatelstva ceskych zemi [The population history of the Prostitutes Warendorf lands], 2nd ed.

Pravdova Bozena [Prague, ], p. Prague's brothels thus fit perfectly into the larger picture of later medieval Euro- pean prostitution. Yet in another respect, Prague challenges a common element in the standard account of later medieval prostitution.

Authorized municipal brothels first appear in great numbers during the second half of the fourteenth century, the "troubled decades of plague, war, and social disorder.

Peter Schuster points to both demographic and "mental" consequences of the Black Death and Prostitutes Warendorf plagues. The initial midcentury Black Death in particular largely spared the Czech lands, but even the terrifying outbreak did not cause nearly the demographic devas- tation that the Black Death had already inflicted upon many other parts of Eu- rope.

Prostitutes Warendorf the critique of this argument by Kelly, Prostitutes Warendorf, Prioress, and Bawd" above, n. Kaminsky's brief reference to a series of "plague Prostitutes Warendorf in Bohemia-beginning in and closely paralleling experience elsewhere in Europe-may, however, mislead some readers p. The plague did indeed touch Bohemia at various times, most seriously inProstitutes Warendorf perhaps 10 to 15 percent of the population perished, but with nothing like the severity Prostitutes Warendorf elsewhere in Europe.

A Prague chronicler writing before reported the outbreak of a "maxima et horribilis ephydimia et pestilencia" in Italy and elsewhere but stated that plague Prostitutes Warendorf gained a foothold in Bohemia before being blown away by a cold, fresh wind: "mortalitas quoque ad Austriam eciam pervenit et in regno Boemie inceperat do- minari, sed aura recens et frigida ipsam eliminavit" Chronicon Francisci Pragensis, ed.

Jana Prostitutes Warendorf [Prague, ], pp. Both Jaroslav Meznfk and Eduard Maur agree that the earlier waves of plague had some effect in Bohemia, but that only the outbreak was devastating.

The evidence from Prague seems to support a less dramatic explanation, one suggested by an observation made nearly a century ago by Iwan Prostitutes Warendorf that in many cities the Prostitutes Warendorf institutionalization Prostitutes Warendorf urban prostitution paralleled the development of urban institutions in general. Old Town, for example, established its first town Prostitutes Warendorf only in This act represented only a very small part of Charles IV's ambitious refashioning of Prague's topography, but it enabled Milfc of Kromerfi to develop his nascent, experimental religious community.

Jerusalem did not, however, grow directly out the part of the kingdom most affected by the Black Death, may Prostitutes Warendorf lost 10 percent of its population Prostitutes Warendorfbut the city apparently gained inhabitants between and Meznfk, "Mory v Brne ve These and other recent studies tend to confirm the general arguments made by Frantisek Graus, "Autour de la peste noire au XIVe Prostitutes Warendorf en Boheme," Annales: Economies, societes, civilisations 18 There was also significant regional variation, even in Nodi, "Morava epidemie na Rakov- nicku v Prostitutes Warendorf " [above, n.

For differing views of the significance of the plague, see Peter Cornej, ed. The Prostitutes Warendorf article in English on the subject, based upon a small, eclectic selection of English-language scholarship, unfortunately does not merit attention Ken Lastufka, "Bohemia during the Medieval Black Death: A Pocket of Immunity," East European Quarterly 19 [], Jahrhundert Bordelle in verschiedenen Formen bestanden haben Schuster documents only a handful established before Das Frauenhaus, pp.

The Topography of Prostitution of Milie's initial conversion. Rather, it was a project Prostitutes Warendorf the final years of his public and sometimes controversial ministry in Prague.

Vitus, Milie was preaching regularly Prostitutes Warendorf Prague by late Then Milie nearly underwent a second conver- sion, this time from popular preacher to cloistered monk. Attributing his spiritual impulse to the voice of the Holy Spirit and borrowing words from the Apocalypse, Milie wrote Prostitutes Warendorf he was "in the Spirit" and that the Spirit, speaking to him in his heart, commanded him to take up his cross and deny himself-that is, to cease preaching and enter a religious order intrare religionem.

Remarkably, Milie once again resisted the well-worn path to the cloister. Instead he took a long sabbatical from preaching. Spurred Prostitutes Warendorf travel to Rome inhe hoped to proclaim as much to Pope Urban Vwhose own advent in the city of St. Peter was then eagerly anticipated. An announcement of his proposed sermon, Prostitutes Warendorf by Milie to the doors of St. Peter's, landed the charismatic preacher briefly in an inquisitor's prison.

Yet it seems that in later years Milie toned down or even abandoned the apocalyptic fervor he exhibited in Thus the Spirit said to me in my Prostitutes Warendorf that I should take up my cross and crucify my flesh and forsake and deny myself, and enter the religious life ut Prostitutes Warendorf all my advisers prevented me from entering the religious life and from fleeing preaching. Over the protests of my counselors, however, I held back from preaching for a long time" "Libellus de Prostitutes Warendorf in Matthias of ]anov, Regulae, ; ct.

The edition of Ferdi- nand Mencfk, under the title "Prophecia et revelatio de Antichristo" has been reprinted along with an unfortunately unreliable English translation as Milic of Kromerfi, The Message for the Last Days: Three Essays from the YearProstitutes Warendorf.

Milan Opocensky and lana Opocenska Geneva,pp. Et interim irruit in me spiritus ita, ut me Prostitutes Warendorf non possem, dicens michi in corde, 'Vade, Prostitutes Warendorf publice per cartam, quam affiges hostiis ecclesie sancti Petri, sicut Prostitutes Warendorf fuisti intimare in Praga, quando eras predicaturus, quod velis pre- dicare, quod Antychristus venit.

A bowdlerized version of this entire passage finds a place in the vita printed by Balbfn, where both the claim of divine inspiration and every reference to Antichrist have been removed: "Interea incidit in mentem ejus, ut ad urbem transiret Romanam, et ibidem verbum dei praedicaret Et in tantum venit sibi talis cogitatio in mentem: Vade, intima publice per chartam, quam affiges Prostitutes Warendorf ecclesiae S.

Petri, sicut solitus fuisti intimare in Praga, quando eras praedicaturus, quod videlicet predicares" Miscellanea historica Regni Bohemiae 1. Emler, whose edition purportedly reprints Balbfn's text exactly, evidently noticed this borrowing and partly emended the end Prostitutes Warendorf the censored passage to read: "Et in tantum venit sibi talis cogitatio in mentem: vade, intima publice per chartam, quam affiges ostiis ecclesiae s.

This editorial addition, apparently never before noticed, is the only significant deviation of Emler's text from that of Balbfn.

On at least three occasions he was invited to preach at Prague's biannual diocesan synod, and his Latin model sermons Prostitutes Warendorf eagerly and very widely cop- ied. Its compiler lifted significant parts of his portrayal of the Prague community verbatim from a twelfth-century depiction of the monastery Bernard founded at Clairvaux.

This much is clear: several years into Milic's Prague preaching ministry, prostitutes began Prostitutes Warendorf attend his sermons in significant numbers. Many, including public prostitutes from the municipal brothels publice meretrices de prostibulisreportedly converted. A group of them began to live together in a house in southwestern Old Town, a kind of halfway house from which many reentered respectable secular society as domestic servants, wives, and obedient daughters.

It seems that the fiery preacher understood the economic realities behind medieval prostitution, for he combined moral suasion with the offer of food and clothing. Some women he even redeemed by paying the otherwise inescapable debts that bound them to their so-called landlords hospites. For some he facilitated their return to an honorable position in secular society, much as Pope Innocent III had promoted Prostitutes Warendorf to former prostitutes as an Prostitutes Warendorf efficacious for the remission of sins.

On this and the other accusations, see below, p. Mat- thias of Janov relates that two hundred or three hundred clerics copied the works of Milk as quickly as he wrote them Regulae, On the surviving manuscripts of Milie's unpublished sermons, see Pavel Spunar, Repertorium auctorum Bohemorum provectum idearum post Universitatem Pragen- sem Prostitutes Warendorf illustrans Wroclaw,pp. I know of more than manuscripts con- taining his sermons, including several not known to Spunar.

The same vita identifies the first Old Town house they occupied and the reason why their numbers fluctuated between twenty ap. Friedberg, Corpus iuris canonici, The Topography of Prostitution His efforts clearly made an impression, for one repentant? Then the emperor stepped in, destroying Prostitutes Warendorf nearby brothel and transferring the property to Mille for a chapel, dedicated Prostitutes Warendorf ately to Mary Magdalene and two other prostitute saints, Afra of Augsburg and Mary of Egypt.

Former prostitutes were to become religious women. Mille purchased twenty-seven nearby properties with donated money and christened the impressive complex "Jerusalem," a reflection of his continuing eschatological views.

IIZ The public brothel known as Venice and its immediate surroundings thus gave way to a religious community. Urban space dedicated to commercial sex-the "worst and most horrible neighborhood"-became something Prostitutes Warendorf. Jerusalem was hardly the first experiment in transforming pros- titutes into women dedicated to the religious life.

Prostitutes Warendorf own chapel's dedication evoked an entire Christian tradition of holy harlots. As numerous scholars have noted, thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Prostitutes Warendorf witnessed the foundation of many religious houses for former prostitutes. Prostitutes Warendorf preachers and others in French, German, and Italian lands established these communities with the support of municipal, royal, or even papal authorities. Only Balbin's text reports Prostitutes Warendorf location of the initial group of penitent prostitutes and of the houses be- queathed to Milic Vita venerabilis presbyteri Milicii, pp.

She bought two lots on this street in and last appears as the Prostitutes Warendorf in Tomek, Zaklady, no. The emperor, according to Benes, had Prostitutes Warendorf brothel destroyed in 13 72 and an oratorium to three prostitute saints built on its site. Benes does not mention Milic by Prostitutes Warendorf but writes that the emperor was "ductus consilio quorun- dam presbiterorum secularium, qui pro illo tempore verbum Dei Prostitutes Warendorf in civitate Pragensi multa bona faciebant" Chronicon [above, n.

Matthias of Janov's explanation that the place was named Prostitutes Warendorf "according to the prompting of the spirit Prostitutes Warendorf Jesus" sounds like something Milic himself might have claimed; it is entirely Prostitutes Warendorf keeping with the rhetoric of the writings associated with his sojourn in Rome see above, n. Prostitutes undoubtedly became the special object of Prostitutes Warendorf ministry.

Milic watched over his converts physically and spiritually; he sought out and reclaimed any recidivists. Some were inspired by him to penitence. Yet friend and foe alike reported that Jerusalem's female inmates were all reformed Prostitutes Warendorf. One can imagine that the life at Jerusalem under the charismatic preacher might have appealed broadly to all kinds of impecunious "suspect women," women whose poverty and social status closed to them the gates of most traditional religious houses.

Reportedly, though, Jerusalem's female members came specifically from the ranks of Prague's public prostitutes meretrices publice.

In addition, there were three nonparochial collegiate churches, numerous Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society, pp.

This opinion seems to stem from a mistaken interpretation of the testimony of Matthias of Janov, who reported widespread penitence inspired by Milie's ministry but specified that the penitent former prostitutes were the ones cared for and incorporated into the preacher's community: "in brevi tempore prope ducentas meretrices ad penitenciam convertit notorias et publicas, exceptis aliis peccatoribus sexus utriusque, que latenter penitenciam assumpserunt; ado- lescentularum autem virginum et viduarum Prostitutes Warendorf erat numerus, que Prostitutes Warendorf modo igne caritatis Jhesu a verbo ipsius inflamate usque hodie per universam Boemiam perseverant Ipse vero Mylycius My interpretation is consistent with the por- trayal in the anonymous Prostitutes Warendorf venerabilis presbyteri Milicii, which in parts not borrowed from other known medieval sources refers to the women as publicae meretrices de prostibulis and as poenitentes mulieres, a common designation for former prostitutes pp.

Milie's opponents pointedly omit all qualifying adjectives and refer repeatedly to the female inhabitants of Jerusalem simply as meretrices mulieres "Articuli domini Milicii," in Palacky, ed. They crowded together especially in Old Town part of Greater Town in the yearsbut even it always seemed to have room for a new private chapel or religious house. Jerusalem, however, did not fall neatly into any of the traditional categories. First of all, the community adopted no rule.

The time-honored and approved outlet for religious impulses like that of Mille had since Lateran IV been to enter an established order or at least adopt an accepted rule. This was normally the case even for houses of repentant prostitutes, like the one that Pope Gregory XI was supporting at Avignon at precisely this time. Furthermore, his followers came to include preaching priests as well as reformed prostitutes.

All the men residing at Jerusalem seem to Prostitutes Warendorf been clerics, who preached, heard confessions, and consecrated the Eucharist. It also housed and trained preachers, perhaps serving as a poor priest's alternative to the mendicant studia and other colleges associated with Prague's For a recent survey of medieval Prague's churches and religious houses, see Petitova-Benoliel, L'eglise a Prague, a work heavily indebted to Tomek, Dejepis.

Still useful is Frantisek Ekert, Posvdtnd mista krdl. Now also see Zdenek Bohac, Topograficky slovnik Prostitutes Warendorf cirkevnim dejindm predhusitskych Cech: Prazsky archidiakondt [Topographical dictionary for the ecclesiastical history of pre-Hussite Bohemia: Prague archdeaconry] Prague, Counting parishes in Prague and other medieval cities is more complicated than it might seem; I count forty-five parishes, including two that were affiliated with collegiate churches and four with religious houses.

Tomek does not include the Prostitutes Warendorf church at Strahov monastery d. Simi- larly, my count of twenty-four religious houses, which includes the four with affiliated parishes, differs from Tomak's total of twenty-five, which includes a dubious Celestine house Dejepis, Both of us count the Benedictine monastery of Brevnov, located outside the boundaries of Map 2, to the northwest of Prague Castle.

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Ferdinand Seibt [Munich, ], pp. The Topography of Prostitution university. Nor Prostitutes Warendorf it easy to overlook the physical presence of the new establishment, with its two dozen properties and unusually large number of inhabitants.

The anonymous vita claimed that at times eighty-three people of both sexes were supported at Jerusalem, while Matthias of Janov asserted that Mille daily provided for two hundred penitent women in his community. It did not help that Jerusalem's leader possessed the zealot's ability to offend. His words and deeds stirred up a remarkable coalition of mendicants and secular priests who, in Prague as in many Prostitutes Warendorf cities, normally had a turbulent and occasionally violent relationship.

In they drew up Prostitutes Warendorf forwarded to Avignon a series of charges against Prostitutes Warendorf. Together with Pope Gregory Xl's shocked re- Prostitutes Warendorf, these preserve valuable evidence of the character of the community at Jerusalem.

Yet at the very least they capture the claims and perceptions of Jerusalem's contemporary critics. Mille, it is clear, sought to create in Jerusalem a religious community that Prostitutes Warendorf unrecognizable and ultimately unacceptable within Prague.

The space it sought to occupy-physical, legal, and social-proved too contentious. Prostitutes Warendorf challenged insti- tutional categories and bent canon law. Van den Boogaart takes inspiration from the stories of police officers and youth workersas well as real police dossiers. Van den Boogaart was born in Nuland, North Brabant in She studied youth social work Prostitutes Warendorf Eindhoven where after she received her bachelor's Prostitutes Warendorf she found work as a hospital psychologist.

Van den Boogaart is married and has four children. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Dutch children's writer. This article has multiple issues.

Peter Schuster points to both demographic and "mental" consequences of the Black Death and subsequent plagues.

Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages. Prostitutes Warendorf article is an orphanas no Prostitutes Warendorf articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for Prostitutes Warendorf. March The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention.

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Instead he took a long sabbatical from preaching. Indeed, the term occulta meretrix itself, best translated as "unauthorized prostitute," makes no sense outside the context of authorized prostitution.